Spanish explorer Francisco de Coronado, in 1541, is considered the first European to have traveled this region. Sieur de la Salle's extensive land claims for France (1682) included present-day Kansas. Ceded to Spain by France in 1763, the territory reverted to France in 1800 and was sold to the U.S. as part of the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
The revelation in 1801 of the secret agreement of 1800, whereby Spain retroceded Louisiana to France, aroused uneasiness in the United States both because Napoleonic France was an aggressive power and because Western settlers depended on the Mississippi River for commerce. In a letter to the American minister to France, Robert R. Livingston (1746–1813; see Livingston, family), President Jefferson stated that “The day that France takes possession of New Orleans … we must marry ourselves to the British fleet and nation.” Late in 1802 the right of deposit at New Orleans, granted to Americans by the Pinckney treaty of 1795, was withdrawn by the Spanish intendant (Louisiana was still under Spanish control). Although Spain soon restored the right of deposit, the acquisition of New Orleans became of paramount national interest.
Lewis and Clark, Zebulon Pike, and Stephen H. Long explored the region between 1803 and 1819. The first permanent white settlements in Kansas were outposts—Fort Leavenworth (1827), Fort Scott (1842), and Fort Riley (1853)—established to protect travelers along the Santa Fe and Oregon Trails.
Just before the Civil War, the conflict between the pro- and anti-slavery forces earned the region the grim title of Bleeding Kansas.
Today, wheat fields, oil-well derricks, herds of cattle, and grain-storage elevators are chief features of the Kansas landscape. A leading wheat-growing state, Kansas also raises corn, sorghum, oats, barley, soybeans, and potatoes. Kansas stands high in petroleum production and mines zinc, coal, salt, and lead. It is also the nation's leading producer of helium.
Wichita is one of the nation's leading aircraft-manufacturing centers, ranking first in production of private aircraft. Kansas City is an important transportation, milling, and meat-packing center.
Points of interest include the Kansas History Center at Topeka, the Eisenhower boyhood home and the Eisenhower Memorial Museum and Presidential Library at Abilene, John Brown's cabin at Osawatomie, re-created Front Street in Dodge City, Fort Larned (an important military post on the Santa Fe Trail), Fort Leavenworth, and Fort Riley.Secy. of State: Ron Thornburgh, R (to Jan. 2011)
Treasurer: Lynn Jenkins, R (to Jan. 2011)
Atty. General: Paul Morrison, D (to Jan. 2011)
Organized as territory: May 30, 1854
Entered Union (rank): Jan. 29, 1861 (34)
Present constitution adopted: 1859
Motto: Ad astra per aspera (To the stars through difficulties)
State symbols:
flower |
sunflower (1903) |
tree |
cottonwood (1937) |
bird |
western meadowlark (1937) |
animal |
buffalo (1955) |
song |
“Home on the Range” (1947) |
Nicknames: Sunflower State; Jayhawk State
Origin of name: From a Sioux word meaning “people of the south wind”
10 largest cities (2005 est.): Wichita, 354,865; Overland Park, 164,811; Kansas City, 144,210; Topeka, 121,946; Olathe, 111,334; Lawrence, 81,816; Shawnee, 57,628; Manhattan, 48,668; Salina, 45,956; Lenexa, 43,434
Land area: 81,815 sq mi. (211,901 sq km)
Geographic center: In Barton Co., 15 mi. NE of Great Bend
Number of counties: 105
Largest county by population and area: Johnson, 506,562 (2005); Butler, 1,428 sq mi.
State parks: 24
Residents: Kansan
2005 resident population est.: 2,744,687
2000 resident census population (rank): 2,688,418 (32). Male: 1,328,474 (49.4%); Female: 1,359,944 (50.6%). White: 2,313,944 (86.1%); Black: 154,198 (5.7%); American Indian: 24,936 (0.9%); Asian: 46,806 (1.7%); Other race: 90,725 (3.4%); Two or more races: 56,496 (2.1%); Hispanic/Latino: 188,252 (7.0%). 2000 percent population 18 and over: 73.5; 65 and over: 13.3; median age: 35.2. WE LOVE YOU SARA
My daily life revolves around my husband, my dog, Sally, and two cats, Meagol and Little Miss.