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Myrna 6311 16559 Waynes...	RE: Great announcement for Native Americans 10/10/2009 2:31:32 AM
	Hello Luis, I am behind in answering you. Thank you so much for such wonderful information. I especially like that place where there were no weapons found. There is so much information about the Indians that is is mind boggling. I just thought of posting something about how they ate. This site said it is for kids. We are all kids, right. I also found a site with some recipes. I will get to those later. Thanks again for bringing such great information Hugs, Myrna Native American Food How did Native Americans get food for their families in the days before supermarkets? There were four basic ways for people in ancient societies to find food:*hunting and fishing, gathering, farming, and raising domesticated animals. Native Americans did all these things, but the first three were much more common. There were not many domesticated animals in North America before Europeans arrived-- only turkeys, ducks, and dogs, and most tribes did not eat dog meat (although some did.) In South America, llamas and guinea pigs were also raised by some tribes for their meat. The other three food sources were much more important to Native American life. Most tribes used two or three of these food-gathering techniques at once to get a varied diet. Every American Indian tribe that we know of took part in hunting and fishing* to get fresh meat to eat. The Inuit (Eskimos) and some Indian tribes of the far north relied almost entirely on hunting and fishing to survive. Some Native Americans were primarily big game hunters, migrating frequently to follow herds of bison or caribou. The Blackfoot and Sioux are two examples of big game hunting tribes. In tribes like these, large groups of Native Americans usually worked together to drive large animals into an ambush, a man-made pit, or over a cliff, sometimes setting controlled fires or building fences to cut off their escape. In other tribes, such as the Chippewa or Creek, each individual Native American hunter would stalk deer, rabbits or other game, or set snares or traps for them. In fishing tribes, Native American fishermen would either catch fish and hunt marine mammals from their canoes, or else set fish nets and wooden traps for them. The Tlingit and Salish are two examples of Northwest Indian tribes who got most of their meat through fishing. Native hunting and fishing weapons varied from tribe to tribe but the most common ones were bows and arrows, spears, harpoons, fish-hooks, and blowguns. *Farming* was another very important source of American Indian food materials. Native agriculture was most advanced in what is now the southern United States, Mexico, and the Andean region of South America. Native Americans from those areas used special farming techniques like irrigation, terracing, crop rotation, and planting windbreaks to improve their farms, and they usually harvested enough crops to dry and store for the winter. Some examples of southern Native American tribes who were expert farmers included the Hopi, Navajo, and Cherokee tribes. Other tribes further to the north planted crops in garden plots in their villages but did not harvest enough to last the winter, so they would split up into hunting camps during that time instead. Examples of northern tribes who farmed this way included the Lenape and Iroquois tribes. Besides food crops, Native American farmers often grew cotton, hemp, tobacco, and medicinal plants. *Gathering* is a general term for collecting food that grows wild in the environment. Sometimes this is a very basic sort of task, such as picking blueberries from a bush. Other times gathering can be complicated and requires special tools and training, such as tapping trees for maple syrup or grinding and leaching acorns into edible flour. The kinds of wild foods gathered by an Indian tribe and the tools they needed to do it with varied a lot depending on where the tribe lived. Usually Native Americans gathered wild foods in addition to hunting, fishing, or farming.
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Myrna 6311 16559 Waynes...	RE: Great announcement for Native Americans 10/10/2009 2:38:19 AM
	Hi Barb, I am so happy you like the Native Americans. I think there have so much to offer us in how to take care and live in mother. Here is some of the foods they ate. It sounds good to me Hugs, Myrna What were some typical Native American foods? The most important Native American food crop was *Indian corn* (also known as *maize, which comes from the Taino Indian name for the plant.) The majority of American Indian tribes grew at least some corn, and even tribes that did not grow corn themselves often traded with neighbors for it. Other important American Indian crops included beans, squash, pumpkins, sunflowers, wild rice, potatoes, sweet potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, peanuts, avocados, papayas, and chocolate. Whether they were farming tribes or not, most Native American tribes had very meat-heavy diets. Favorite meats included buffalo, elk, caribou, deer, and rabbit; salmon and other fish; ducks, geese, turkeys and other birds; clams and other shellfish; and marine mammals like seals or even whales. But almost any animal who lived in the Americas in ancient times was sometimes added to the menu, even animals you might not think of as food like porcupines, monkeys, or snakes. Many Native American tribes had strong beliefs against wasting food, so if they killed an animal for any other reason, they would often try to eat it. Other foods that could be found naturally in the Americas and were often eaten by American Indians included eggs, honey, maple syrup and sugar, salt, nuts (including peanuts, pine nuts, cashews, hickory nuts, and acorns,) fruit (including cranberries, strawberries, blueberries, raspberries, chokecherries, wild plums, and persimmons), and a wide variety of beans, roots, and greens. What were Native American meals like?* Native American cooking tended to be simple. Most Native Americans preferred to eat their food very fresh, without many spices. This was different in Mexico and Central America, where Indians tended to use less fresh meat and more spices in their dishes, including hot peppers, cumin, and chocolate seasonings. Meat was usually roasted over the fire or grilled on hot stones. Fish was often baked or smoked. Soups and stews were popular in some tribes. Corn was eaten in many different ways, including corn-on-the-cob, popcorn, hominy, and tortillas and corn bread baked in clay ovens. Indians in some tribes enjoyed fruit puddings or maple candy for dessert. Most Native Americans always drank water with their meals, but hot chocolate was a popular beverage in Mexico, and some Indians in Central and South America developed an alcoholic corn drink called chicha. How did Native American eating habits change after Europeans arrived? The Europeans introduced some new plants and animals that didn't exist in the Americas originally, such as bananas, wheat, sheep, and cows. Some Native American farming tribes, such as the Navajos or the Mexican Indian tribes, began to raise these new crops and farm animals in addition to corn and other traditional crops. Many people in those tribes are still farmers today, and they have been raising some of these "new" foods for centuries now! Other tribes were forced to change their traditional lifestyles a lot after Europeans took over. Since Europeans killed most of the buffalo, tribes that used to follow the buffalo herds had to find new ways of living. Today, some tribes raise buffalo on ranches. Many forests and jungles have been cleared, which makes it harder to earn a living by hunting. In rural areas of Canada, Alaska, and South America, some Native Americans and Inuit (Eskimos) still make their living by hunting and trapping, but this is becoming rarer. And of course, one of the biggest changes was Indian tribes being forced to move to reservations far from their original homelands. In many cases, these tribes had to give up their old ways of life in their new location because the environment was different and the land was not suitable for their traditional agriculture. Some traditional American Indian foods and recipes are still enjoyed by Native American people today. However, except for a few remote rainforest tribes, Native American people also eat modern food, just like their non-native neighbors do. What are some Native American recipes I could make for school? This is harder than it sounds. Most traditional Native American recipes from North America included fresh meat or fish, which isn't easy to share with your class. Here is a good recipe for wild rice and cranberries, a dish of the Northeast Woodland tribes. Here is a general American Indian recipe for corn cakes and another for blueberry wojapi, which is a kind of Sioux fruit pudding. They taste good together! You could also make tamales, which are a popular Mexican food of Aztec origin, or fry-bread, which is a contemporary Native American treat that you can commonly find at powwows. (Wojapi tastes great on frybread, too.) If those things are all too complicated, you can make a nice salad out of traditional Native American ingredients, like succotash or a bean salad or a native fruit salad.
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Myrna 6311 16559 Waynes...	RE: Great announcement for Native Americans 10/10/2009 3:09:15 AM
	Hi Cheryl, Thank you so much for coming by for congratulations, but I haven't gotten the word yet that I won. It has to go through the judges. Well I am still glad to see you and I love to talk about my wonderful friends. I think this is interesting on the Natives clothing. Hugs, Myrna In most tribes, Native American men wore breechclouts or breechcloths (a long rectangular piece of hide or cloth tucked over a belt, so that the flaps fell down in front and behind), sometimes with leather leggings attached in colder climates. Here's a page of breechcloth and legging pictures. In other tribes Indian men wore a short kilt or fur trousers instead of a breechcloth. Most Indian men did not use shirts, but Plains Indian warriors wore special buckskin war shirts decorated with ermine tails, hair, and intricate quillwork and beadwork. Here are pictures of two traditional Sioux war shirts. Most Native American women wore skirts and leggings, though the length, design, and material of the skirts varied from tribe to tribe. In some Indian cultures women's shirts were optional and were usually treated more like coats, while in others, women always wore tunics or mantles in public. And in other tribes women usually wore one-piece dresses instead, like this Cheyenne buckskin dress. Nearly all Native Americans had some form of moccasin (a sturdy leather shoe) or mukluk (heavier boot), with the styles of footwear differing from tribe to tribe (as you can see from these mocasin pictures). Most tribes used cloaks in colder weather, but some of the northern tribes wore Inuit-style fur parkas instead. Most variable of all were headgear and formal clothing, which were different in nearly every tribe. Here's a page illustrating traditional hairstyles from several different tribes. After colonization, Native American clothes began to change. For one thing, as Indian tribes were driven from their ancient lands and forced into closer contact with each other, they began to borrow some of each other's tribal dress, so that fringed buckskin clothing, feather headdresses, and woven blankets became popular among Indians outside of the tribes in which they originated. For another, Indians began to adapt some articles of European costume to their own style, decorating cloth garments with characteristic Native American beadwork, embroidery, and designs. These clothes were not original to the Americas, but by the 1800's they were recognized by anyone viewing them as Indian apparel. Such post-colonial native dress includes beaded jackets and shirts, ribbon shirts, Seminole patchwork skirts, satin shawls, woolen sweaters, broad ribbon applique, jingle dresses, and the Cherokee tear dress. Today, most Native Americans wear contemporary American and Canadian clothes in their daily life; however, unique American Indian clothing styles still exist. Some traditional Indian garments, such as buckskins, ribbon dresses, and beaded moccasins, are still worn in many tribes, particularly to formal events. Others, such as breechcloth, leggings, headdress and dance shawl, are only worn at powwows and religious ceremonies. In general, American Indians use the word "regalia" for traditional clothing which is used for ceremonial occasions. Some native people find the phrase "Native American costume" offensive, due to long association with hurtful red-faced Halloween costumes. If you are looking to buy regalia or other clothes that were actually made by Native Americans--either because it's important to you to have the real thing or because you want to support native people with your purchase--then here is our list of American Indian clothing designers whose work is for sale online. We have grouped them into Traditional Native American Clothing (both secular clothes and ceremonial regalia), Contemporary Native American Clothing (modern clothes like tee-shirts made with native designs), and Native American Designer Clothes (contemporary clothing styles designed as wearable art and priced accordingly). Hopefully this can provide you with a good starting point. If you have a website of Native American clothing to add to this list, let us know. We gladly advertise any individual native artist or native-owned art store here free of charge, provided that all clothes were made by tribally recognized American Indian, Inuit, or First Nations artists.
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Myrna 6311 16559 Waynes...	RE: Great announcement for Native Americans 10/10/2009 3:28:52 AM
	Hi My dear friend Alain, You may drip by anytime and bring me such beautiful musi, that I love to hear it just calms the soul. I was just sitting here thinking, soon these folks will be free to do whatever they want. Oh what a blessing for them they have been so confined for so many years. Nesara canned come soon enough for all of us. Wishing you a wonderful weekend too. Hugs, Myrna
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Myrna

6311

16559

Waynes...

RE: Great announcement for Native Americans

10/12/2009 7:49:12 PM

Hello Everyone look at this. The Native Americans get an apology...........so soon

Gunn: When myth and justice collide

By Steven J. Gunn

Story Published: Oct 12, 2009

Story Updated: Oct 12, 2009

On Oct. 7, the United States Senate passed the Native American Apology Resolution. The Senate apologized to Native Americans for the “long history of official depredations and ill-conceived policies by the federal government regarding Indian tribes.” These depredations and policies included the “forced removal” of Indians from their homelands, “armed confrontations and massacres,” theft of Native lands and resources, and condemnation of Native “traditions, beliefs, and customs.”

It is now clearer than ever that federal legislation directed at Native Americans must be viewed through the lens of history – and with a mind toward the government’s continuing regret for its past, misguided policies.

Before Columbus, Indian tribes were independent nations, with vibrant cultures and flourishing communities. Columbus brought Native American gold back to Spain, yet the agricultural products of Native American farmers – corn, beans, squash, peppers, potatoes and tomatoes – were more important than gold in transforming European culture and fueling European population growth. Native Americans were not as fortunate. European settlers brought smallpox, cholera, and tuberculosis – illnesses that devastated Native American nations.

It is now clearer than ever that federal legislation directed at Native Americans must be viewed through the lens of history.

From the beginning, Native Americans exhibited hospitality towards the newcomers. Thanksgiving is one of our oldest American traditions. Yet, in succeeding generations, American demands for land brought conflict and warfare. This tradition is reflected in the Declaration of Independence, where Thomas Jefferson accused King George of fomenting frontier warfare by Native American nations against the nascent United States.

For his part, Jefferson maintained that Americans would be fair in dealing with Indian tribes and the earliest treaty, the 1778 Treaty with the Delaware Nation, seeks to allay Native American concerns that the United States wanted to steal Indian lands. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 pledges that the United States will observe the “utmost good faith” towards Native American peoples, promising that “their liberty and property will never be invaded. …”

Nevertheless, history shows that the U.S. was determined to acquire Native American lands, whether by treaty or warfare, with or without the consent of Indian tribes. For the first 90 years of the Nation’s history, the United States maintained at least the semblance of respect for Native American land rights through treaty making.

Yet, in the 1880s, the United States attempted to “civilize” Indians by allotting their lands and encouraging their assimilating into the mainstream economy and culture. While missionaries concentrated on converting Native Americas to Christianity, western ranchers, miners and developers concentrated on seizing Native American lands. The Supreme Court put its legal stamp of approval on the land grab by postulating that the United States was acting in a trust capacity toward its Native wards when it sold their lands to whites.

President Franklin D. Roosevelt was determined to stop the injustice and help Indian tribes restore their communities.

From 1887 to 1934, Indian tribes lost 90 million acres of land to the so-called “allotment” policy, where Indian tribal lands were parceled out to individuals and then the individual Indians were quickly defrauded or coerced into selling. More tribal lands were sold as “surplus” despite the objection of Indian tribes based upon the Supreme Court’s authorization to the United States to act for the benefit of Indian tribes by transferring their land into money (at rates far below market value). In 1928, the Merriam Report found that these policies had devastated Indian tribes, leaving Native Americans terribly impoverished after losing two-thirds of the acreage and 80 percent of the value of remaining Indian lands during those years.

Against this background, President Franklin D. Roosevelt was determined to stop the injustice and help Indian tribes restore their communities. The Indian Reorganization Act is the New Deal for American Indians. The IRA encouraged Indian tribes to reorganize and revitalize tribal governments, to establish tribal development corporations to rebuild tribal economies to replace traditional tribal economies destroyed by warfare and Federal land policy, and provided for the reacquisition of land in Federal trust status for Indians and Indian tribes. Roosevelt recognized that the tremendous loss of land that Indian tribes had experienced was one of the root causes of the devastating poverty on Indian reservations, and his Administration intended to address the awful injustice done to Indians who were left landless by historical Federal policies. For 75 years, the Secretary of the Interior used his authority to acquire land in trust for Indian tribes to help restore

In Carcieri v. Salazar (Feb. 24, 2009), the Supreme Court held that the secretary’s power to take land into trust for Indian tribes did not extend to Indian tribes not under federal jurisdiction when the Indian Reorganization Act was enacted in 1934. Presumably, that includes Indian tribes who were “state recognized” but not federally recognized Indian tribes. The Supreme Court’s decision was wrong – the IRA was not clearly limited and the Interior Department had used its authority under IRA for 75 years. This long-standing usage should have been continued.

The Supreme Court’s decision was morally wrong. We know that all Indian tribes were here before the United States and had ample land for their people. Yet, through warfare and dispossession, the United States has left many Indians and tribes with little or no land at all. That truly shocks the conscience – Native peoples of the United States completely dispossessed.

Thankfully there is a clear avenue to correct the Supreme Court’s erroneous decision: A technical correction to IRA. Sen. Byron Dorgan, D-N.D., has introduced S. 1703 to extend the Interior secretary’s authority to acquire Indian lands for all tribes. This fulfills the promise of the Federally Recognized Indian Tribe List Act of 1994, where Congress promised not to disadvantage any Indian tribe. The bill is a laudable measure and deserves the support of all Americans who support justice.

S. 1703 is not about gaming. It is about restoring tribal land bases so tribes can provide for their people.

Regrettably, this important measure of justice has been caught up in misunderstanding by opponents of Indian gaming. The measure does not promote Indian gaming. Before any Indian tribe can conduct gaming on lands acquired after 1988, it must comply with Section 20 of the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act.

Section 20 sets forth a rigorous process that generally requires consultation with state, local and nearby tribal governments and concurrence by the state governor in a determination by the secretary of the Interior that Indian gaming would benefit the Indian tribe without interfering with state, local and nearby tribal communities. In short, opponents of Indian gaming have ample opportunity to prevent gaming on newly-acquired lands.

S. 1703 is not about gaming. It is about restoring tribal land bases so tribes can provide for their people and address basic community needs, such as housing, economic development, and maintenance of traditional cultural practices.

For those who understand the history of the United States and support justice for Native peoples only one outcome is appropriate: passage of S. 1703 to ensure that all Indian tribes have at least some land.

Steven J. Gunn is a professor of law (adjunct) at Washington University in St. Louis School of Law, where he teaches courses on American Indian law and directs the American Indian Law Externship Program. He has practiced in the field of Indian law since his graduation from Yale Law School in 1995.

Hugs,

Myrna

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How did Native Americans get food for their families in the days before supermarkets?

What were some typical Native American foods?

What were Native American meals like?

How did Native American eating habits change after Europeans arrived?

What are some Native American recipes I could make for school?

Hello Everyone look at this. The Native Americans get an apology...........so soon

Gunn: When myth and justice collide

By Steven J. Gunn

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